The rock was formed 70 million years ago.
Edinburgh Castle Tourist Information

Castle Rock, dominates the sky-line of the city of Edinburgh, and is Scotland’s second most visited tourist attraction

It occupies the summit of an ancient plug of volcanic rock towering 260ft or 80m above the city it dominates, and is visible for tens of miles in every direction.

Edinburgh Castle started to develop into a royal fortress during the reign of David I from 1124 to 1153. Edward I of England took the castle after a three day siege in 1296. The Scots retook it in 1314 by scaling the rock at night, but the English were back in possession by 1335, only to lose it once more to the Scots by stealth in April 1341.
Edinburgh Castle
In 1715 the Jacobites very nearly captured Edinburgh Castle by scaling the rock, as Robert the Bruce’s men had done 401 years earlier

Edinburgh Castle remains a military base today. Direct administration of the castle by the Ministry of Defence only came to an end in 1915 when the army moved to the city’s Redford Barracks. Nevertheless, the Castle continues to have a strong connection with the Army. Sentries still stand watch at the castle gatehouse between 6pm and 9am,

Built across a ridge of hills rising up to a height of around 230 feet (70 metres) above sea-level at Everton Hill, the city’s urban area runs directly into Bootle and Crosby in Sefton to the north, and Huyton and Prescot in Knowsley to the east. It faces Wallasey and Birkenhead across the River Mersey to the west. Liverpool is governed by one of five councils within the Metropolitan county of Merseyside, and is one of England’s core cities and its fifth most populous – 441,477 in 2002, with 816,000 in the Liverpool Urban Area, which includes suburbs on the Liverpool attractions side of the Mersey but not those on the Wirral.

In the late 19th century, Liverpool reached the zenith of its power and was the “second Port of the Empire”, It controlled one seventh of the world’s shipping and handled more goods than any British city outside London.
[1] Liverpool in the late Nineteenth century and early Twentieth century was thought of as a ‘world city’, rather than British provincial. During the late 20th century, towards the 1980s, the decline of the Port of Liverpool as a source of employment and the later contraction of manufacturing industry in the city region badly affected the city’s economy. However, the city’s economy has grown strongly and faster than the national average since the mid nineties.
[2] The city has been undergoing a general economic and civic revival since then, which was kick started by the regeneration of the city’s Queen’s Square. In 2007, the city will be celebrating its 800th anniversary, and in 2008, will hold the European Capital of Culture title. In 2004 Liverpool was declared as a UNESCO World Heritage site. As part of the ongoing regeneration in the city, the developers Grovsenor are constructing the ‘Paradise Street Project’ (PSDA), which is the largest retail-led regeneration project in Europe. The Construction of a new cruise liner terminal at the Pier Head, will allow the world’s largest vessels to visit the city, which the QE2 intends to do as part of Liverpool’s birthday celebrations at the end of this year.

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